Flood Hydrology: Difference between revisions
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[[Category:Flood]] | |||
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| [[Image:IDF2.jpg|350px|x350px|link=https://damfailures.org/lessons-learned/extreme-floods-do-occur/]] | | [[Image:IDF2.jpg|350px|x350px|link=https://damfailures.org/lessons-learned/extreme-floods-do-occur/]] | ||
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|style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"| Extreme flood do occur. Learn more [https://damfailures.org/lessons-learned/extreme-floods-do-occur/ | |style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"| Extreme flood do occur. Learn more at [https://damfailures.org/lessons-learned/extreme-floods-do-occur/ DamFailures.org] | ||
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[[Hydrology]] is essential not only in the design of a dam, but also in the feasibility study of a dam and in assessments of the dam into the future as the state-of-the-practice evolves. The three main components of [[Flood Hydrology|flood hydrology]], according to the United States [[Bureau of Reclamation]] (USBR) are “(1) hydrometeorology related to probable maximum [[precipitation]] determinations, (2) probable maximum flood hydrograph determinations, and (3) statistics and probabilities relating to the magnitude and frequency of flood flows”.<ref name="FHM">[[Flood Hydrology Manual | Flood Hydrology Manual, USBR, 1989]]</ref> | |||
“One of the most common causes of dam failures is the inability to safely pass flood flows. Failures caused by hydrologic conditions can range from sudden failure, with complete breaching or collapse of the dam, to gradual failure, with progressive erosion and partial breaching”.<ref name="FEMA94">[[Selecting and Accommodating Inflow Design Floods for Dams (FEMA P-94) | FEMA P-94 Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety: Selecting and Accommodating Inflow Design Floods for Dams, FEMA, 2013]]</ref> Therefore, hydrologic studies are among the most important sources of information when it comes to dam safety. | |||
The applicability and acceptability of various hydrologic methods varies widely across the US. Familiarity with the primary runoff generating mechanisms based on the geology, topography, meteorology, and seasonality of the region are paramount to [[Inflow Design Flood|inflow design flood]] determination. Guidelines and regulations related to hydrologic methods and the inflow design flow also vary based on regulatory jurisdiction. | |||
Calibration to historic events can be helpful when determining the basin's response to precipitation events. However, it is important to note that 1) basin response is nonlinear, and 2) in most cases, precipitation and streamflow gage data is not available for extreme events. A model calibrated to an event with a 100-year return period may not appropriately simulate watershed response during a much larger magnitude Probable Maximum Flood event. | |||
==Methodologies== | ==Methodologies== | ||
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==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
{{Website Icon}} [https://damfailures.org/lessons-learned/extreme-floods-do-occur/ Learn more about the occurrence of extreme floods at DamFailures.org] | {{Website Icon}} [https://damfailures.org/lessons-learned/extreme-floods-do-occur/ Learn more about the occurrence of extreme floods at DamFailures.org] | ||
==Best Practices Resources== | ==Best Practices Resources== | ||
{{Document Icon}} [[Selecting and Accommodating Inflow Design Floods for Dams (FEMA P-94)|Selecting and Accommodating Inflow Design Floods for Dams (FEMA P-94) | {{Document Icon}} [[Technical Release 210-60: Earth Dams and Reservoirs | Technical Release 210-60: Earth Dams and Reservoirs, NRCS]] | ||
{{Document Icon}} [[ | {{Document Icon}} [[Selecting and Accommodating Inflow Design Floods for Dams (FEMA P-94) | Selecting and Accommodating Inflow Design Floods for Dams (FEMA P-94), FEMA]] | ||
{{Document Icon}} [[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 8- Determination of the Probable Maximum Flood|Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 8- Determination of the Probable Maximum Flood | {{Document Icon}} [[Design Standards No. 14: Appurtenant Structures for Dams (Ch. 2: Hydrologic Considerations)|Design Standards No. 14: Appurtenant Structures for Dams (Ch. 2: Hydrologic Considerations), USBR]] | ||
{{Document Icon}} [[ | {{Document Icon}} [[Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 8- Determination of the Probable Maximum Flood | Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects: Chapter 8- Determination of the Probable Maximum Flood, FERC]] | ||
{{Document Icon}} [[Hydrologic Engineering Requirements for Reservoirs (EM 1110-2-1420) | Hydrologic Engineering Requirements for Reservoirs (EM 1110-2-1420), USACE]] | |||
{{Document Icon}} [[Flood Hydrology Manual|Flood Hydrology Manual | {{Document Icon}} [[Flood Hydrology Manual | Flood Hydrology Manual, USBR]] | ||
==Trainings== | ==Trainings== | ||
{{Video Icon}} [https://youtu.be/VNzGUmhTSb0 Dam Owner Academy: Extreme Rainfall Events] | {{Video Icon}} [https://youtu.be/VNzGUmhTSb0 Dam Owner Academy: Extreme Rainfall Events] | ||
{{Website Icon}} [[Technical Seminar: HEC-HMS with Application to Dam Safety]] | |||
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Latest revision as of 04:58, 21 July 2023
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| Extreme flood do occur. Learn more at DamFailures.org |
Hydrology is essential not only in the design of a dam, but also in the feasibility study of a dam and in assessments of the dam into the future as the state-of-the-practice evolves. The three main components of flood hydrology, according to the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) are “(1) hydrometeorology related to probable maximum precipitation determinations, (2) probable maximum flood hydrograph determinations, and (3) statistics and probabilities relating to the magnitude and frequency of flood flows”.[1]
“One of the most common causes of dam failures is the inability to safely pass flood flows. Failures caused by hydrologic conditions can range from sudden failure, with complete breaching or collapse of the dam, to gradual failure, with progressive erosion and partial breaching”.[2] Therefore, hydrologic studies are among the most important sources of information when it comes to dam safety.
The applicability and acceptability of various hydrologic methods varies widely across the US. Familiarity with the primary runoff generating mechanisms based on the geology, topography, meteorology, and seasonality of the region are paramount to inflow design flood determination. Guidelines and regulations related to hydrologic methods and the inflow design flow also vary based on regulatory jurisdiction.
Calibration to historic events can be helpful when determining the basin's response to precipitation events. However, it is important to note that 1) basin response is nonlinear, and 2) in most cases, precipitation and streamflow gage data is not available for extreme events. A model calibrated to an event with a 100-year return period may not appropriately simulate watershed response during a much larger magnitude Probable Maximum Flood event.
Methodologies
Examples
Learn more about the occurrence of extreme floods at DamFailures.org
Best Practices Resources
Technical Release 210-60: Earth Dams and Reservoirs, NRCS
Selecting and Accommodating Inflow Design Floods for Dams (FEMA P-94), FEMA
Design Standards No. 14: Appurtenant Structures for Dams (Ch. 2: Hydrologic Considerations), USBR
Hydrologic Engineering Requirements for Reservoirs (EM 1110-2-1420), USACE
Trainings
Dam Owner Academy: Extreme Rainfall Events
Technical Seminar: HEC-HMS with Application to Dam Safety
Citations:
Revision ID: 7365
Revision Date: 07/21/2023